在家聖戒


    佛陀當然不可能莫名其妙地規定戒律來增加眾生的煩惱,一定是有因、有緣,眾生煩惱聚,故而佛陀制訂戒律以規範眾生的身、口、意,使其有因、有緣,得以淨化、安樂。就如同世間法律的制訂一定有其立法目的,又如同醫師治病須對症下藥,然而佛陀為何教導其在家弟子受持五戒?簡言之,就是就是建立在「己所不欲,勿施於人」、「將心比心」、「同理心」的精神上, 本經與巴利聖典相應部第55經的內容完全相同,佛陀在本經中對於受持五戒的目的有詳盡的解釋。

選譯自《雜阿含經》第一○四四篇

喬正一白話譯於西元2005/11/20

我是這樣聽說的:

    有一次,佛陀來到古印度拘薩羅城,並遊行至鞞紐多羅聚落北身恕林中駐錫。

    當時鞞紐多羅聚落婆羅門長者聽說世尊住在聚落北身恕林中,便呼朋引伴,一起動身前往身恕林拜訪世尊。

他們見著世尊,恭敬向世尊頂禮問候過,便退坐在一旁。這時,世尊告訴婆羅門長者:

「我要為你們解說自通之法,請你們注意的聽,並好好思惟其中義理。

什麼是自通之法?就是聖弟子以這樣方式學習:

『我清楚知道,如果有人想要殺害我,我一定不快樂,我會心生恐懼,我如果不喜歡如此,別人一定也是這樣,所以我怎可以去殺害別人的生命?』

當他如此正確思惟後,便會至誠受持不殺生戒,心中也不樂於殺生。

同上開情形,『我若不喜別人偷盜我的財物,別人一定也不喜歡如此,我又 豈可去偷盜他人財物?所以我願持不盜戒,不樂於偷盜。』

如同上開道理,『我既不喜歡別人勾引、騷擾、侵犯、強暴我的妻女(或丈夫),別人一定也不喜歡受到如此對待,我今又豈可去勾引、騷擾、侵犯、強暴別人的妻女(丈夫)?所以我願受持不邪婬戒。』

如上所述,『我不喜歡被別人所欺騙,別人一定也是如此。我又怎可欺騙他人?所以我願受持不妄語戒。』

如上所說,『我不喜別他人挑播離間我與親人及朋友的感情,別人一定也是跟我一樣的想法。我今又豈可去挑撥離間離別人與其親友的感情?所以我不能去做挑撥離間的事。』

如上所述,『我不喜歡別人對我粗言辱罵,別人一定也是這樣。我 又怎可去辱罵別人?所以我不應對別人惡言相向。』

如上所述,『我不喜歡別人對我虛情假意或說些毫無意義的雜穢語,別人一定也是這樣。我又怎 能對別人說綺語?所以我不該對別人說那些虛情假意的甜言蜜語或無益的雜穢語。』

以上就是七種自通之法,稱之為聖戒。又如果能對於佛陀、佛法、僧伽產生清淨及不動搖的信仰,這 位聖弟子便已成就四不壞淨,自己當下現前觀察,可對自己的未來授記說:『今後的輪迴我已不會再墮入地獄、畜生、餓鬼道中,一切的惡趣都已滅盡,我已得須陀洹果(初果),不墮惡趣法,必定正向解脫,今後的輪迴次數只剩七次天上或人間的生死,必可抵達究竟涅盤的目的。』」

鞞紐聚落婆羅門長者聽聞佛所說的自通之法,心生歡喜隨喜,結束後便從座位起身離去。

  (一四四)如是我聞。一時。
佛住在拘薩羅人間遊行。至鞞紐多羅聚落北身恕林中住。
鞞紐多羅聚落婆羅門長者聞世尊住聚落北身恕林中。聞已。共相招引。往詣身恕林。
至世尊所。面相慰勞已。退坐一面。爾時。
世尊告婆羅門長者。我當為說自通之法。諦聽。善思。
何等自通之法。謂聖弟子作如是學。
我作是念。若有欲殺我者。我不喜。
我若所不喜。他亦如是。云何殺彼。作是覺已。
受不殺生。不樂殺生。如上說。
我若不喜人盜於我。他亦不喜。我云何盜他。是故持不盜戒。
不樂於盜。如上說。我既不喜人侵我妻。
他亦不喜。我今云何侵人妻婦。
是故受持不他婬戒。如上說。我尚不喜為人所欺。
他亦如是。云何欺他。是故受持不妄語戒。
如上說。我尚不喜他人離我親友。
他亦如是。我今云何離他親友。是故不行兩舌。
我尚不喜人加麤言。他亦如是。
云何於他而起罵辱。是故於他不行惡口。如上說。
我尚不喜人作綺語。他亦如是。
云何於他而作綺語。是故於他不行綺飾。如上說。
如是七種。名為聖戒。又復於佛不壞淨成就。
於法.僧不壞淨成就。
是名聖弟子四不壞淨成就。自現前觀察。能自記說。我地獄盡。畜生.
餓鬼盡。一切惡趣盡。得須陀洹。
不墮惡趣法。決定正向三菩提。七有天人往生。
究竟苦邊。時。鞞紐聚落婆羅門長者聞佛所說。
歡喜隨喜。從坐起而去

 

巴利語經文
SN.55.7/(7) Veḷudvāreyyasuttaṃ
   1003. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ yena veḷudvāraṃ nāma kosalānaṃ brāhmaṇagāmo tadavasari. Assosuṃ kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā– “samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo sakyaputto sakyakulā pabbajito kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ veḷudvāraṃ anuppatto. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato– ‘itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā. So imaṃ lokaṃ sadevakaṃ samārakaṃ sabrahmakaṃ sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiṃ pajaṃ sadevamanussaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedeti. So dhammaṃ deseti ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ, kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāseti’. Sādhu kho pana tathārūpānaṃ arahataṃ dassanaṃ hotī”ti.
   Atha kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā appekacce bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodiṃsu; sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce yena bhagavā tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce bhagavato santike nāmagottaṃ sāvetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce tuṇhībhūtā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinnā kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ – “mayaṃ, bho gotama, evaṃkāmā evaṃchandā evaṃ-adhippāyā– puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvaseyyāma, kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhaveyyāma, mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhāreyyāma, jātarūparajataṃ sādiyeyyāma, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjeyyāma. Tesaṃ no bhavaṃ gotamo amhākaṃ evaṃkāmānaṃ evaṃchandānaṃ evaṃ-adhippāyānaṃ tathā dhammaṃ desetu yathā mayaṃ puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvaseyyāma …pe… sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjeyyāmā”ti.
   “Attūpanāyikaṃ vo, gahapatayo, dhammapariyāyaṃ desessāmi. Taṃ suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasi karotha; bhāsissāmī”ti. “Evaṃ, bho”ti kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca–
   “Katamo ca, gahapatayo, attupanāyiko dhammapariyāyo? Idha, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati– ‘ahaṃ khosmi jīvitukāmo amaritukāmo sukhakāmo dukkhappaṭikūlo. Yo kho maṃ jīvitukāmaṃ amaritukāmaṃ sukhakāmaṃ dukkhappaṭikūlaṃ jīvitā voropeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ jīvitukāmaṃ amaritukāmaṃ sukhakāmaṃ dukkhappaṭikūlaṃ jīvitā voropeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, parañca pāṇātipātā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, pāṇātipātā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ kāyasamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho me adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana parassa adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca adinnādānā paṭivirato hoti, parañca adinnādānā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, adinnādānā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ kāyasamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho me dāresu cārittaṃ āpajjeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana parassa dāresu cārittaṃ āpajjeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca kāmesumicchācārā paṭivirato hoti, parañca kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ kāyasamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho me musāvādena atthaṃ bhañjeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana parassa musāvādena atthaṃ bhañjeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca musāvādā paṭivirato hoti, parañca musāvādā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, musāvādā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – yo kho maṃ pisuṇāya vācāya mitte bhindeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ pisuṇāya vācāya mitte bhindeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ …pe… evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – yo kho maṃ pharusāya vācāya samudācareyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ pharusāya vācāya samudācareyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo …pe… evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho maṃ samphabhāsena samphappalāpabhāsena samudācareyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ samphabhāsena samphappalāpabhāsena samudācareyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca samphappalāpā paṭivirato hoti parañca samphappalāpā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, samphappalāpā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
   “So buddhe aveccappasādena samannāgato hoti– itipi so bhagavā …pe… satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti; dhamme …pe… saṅghe aveccappasādena samannāgato hoti suppaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassāti. Ariyakantehi sīlehi samannāgato hoti akhaṇḍehi …pe… samādhisaṃvattanikehi. Yato kho, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako imehi sattahi saddhammehi samannāgato hoti imehi catūhi ākaṅkhiyehi ṭhānehi, so ākaṅkhamāno attanāva attānaṃ byākareyya– ‘khīṇanirayomhi khīṇatiracchānayoni khīṇapettivisayo khīṇāpāyaduggativinipāto, sotāpannohamasmi avinipātadhammo niyato sambodhiparāyaṇo’”ti.
   Evaṃ vutte veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ– “abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama …pe… ete mayaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsake no bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupete saraṇaṃ gate”ti. Sattamaṃ.