在家人的修行方法

　

　

    有很多人誤會學佛就是要吃素，或者不可追逐財富名利，硬是把自己搞得僧不僧、俗不俗，整個人看起來怪異。其實，出家人的生活與在家人是截然不同的，比丘應守的戒律至少有270條之多，而在家人生活在五欲世界，有其應盡的責任與義務。佛陀從不否定在家人所享受的快樂，只是告訴我們這些快樂本質上都無常變易不定，不值得迷戀。但他也很明白要在家人立即放棄這些享受是不可能的事，因此他教導我們應循正道追求（也就是君子愛財，取之有道），不能不擇手段，不可以傷害他人的方式滿足私欲，因為我們對別人所造成的傷害，都已經為自己做好了準備，就算今生算不了帳，終有一天會連本帶利的回到自己的身上。
   
    在家人應有在家人的樣子，享受財富、情愛、親情、名聲等快樂並不是罪惡，與修行也不衝突，只要建立在「將心比心」的前提上，一樣可以邁向解脫大道，品嚐清涼的法味。
選譯自南傳《巴利英譯相應》
喬正一譯於農曆大年除夕夜
　
    我是這樣聽說的：
　
    有一次，佛陀與許多大比丘一起來到古印度拘薩羅國，並住在該國的一處村子。村內有一位信奉婆羅門教的在家人，名叫鞞紐多羅，他聽說佛陀難得來到此地，已久仰佛陀的聖名，便慕名前往佛陀的住處，並且請教一些問題。
　
    他見到了佛陀，恭敬的向佛陀頂禮後，便坐在一旁，他問道：「瞿曇啊!我是一名在家人，也是一名凡夫俗子，有七情六欲，我有妻妾，有兒女成群，我住在繁華熱鬧的都市裡，身穿華服錦衣，享受美食。我希望能保有這一切，但也很希望夠跟您學習修行，死後來世能夠生天，我不知這樣子會不會跟您的教義衝突？」
　
    佛陀說：「居士啊，其實並不會衝突，在我的教法裡是有方法，可以讓您在享受世間快樂的同時也提升您的心靈。」
　
    鞞紐多羅聽到佛陀這麼說，感到很興奮，他請求佛陀為他解說該怎麼做。
　
    佛陀說：「居士啊，我現在就為您解說能幫助自己的修行方法，請您仔細的聽好，並牢記在心。」
 
    鞞紐多羅說：「謝謝您，我一定會專心聽您講解。」
　
    佛陀說：「身為一名在家人，他應培育同理心，時時刻刻保持以下的思惟，便能兼顧世間快樂與修行，在家人應這麼思惟：『我清楚知道，如果有人想要殺害我，我一定不快樂，我會心生恐懼，我如果不喜歡如此，別人一定也是這樣，所以我怎可以去殺害別人的生命。』
　
    當他如此正確思惟後，便會至誠受持不殺生戒，心中也不樂於殺生。
　
    同上開情形，『我若不喜別人偷盜我的財物，別人一定也不喜歡如此，我又 豈可去偷盜他人財物？所以我願持不盜戒，不樂於偷盜。』
　
    如同上開道理，『我既不喜歡別人勾引、騷擾、侵犯、強暴我的妻女（或丈夫），別人一定也不喜歡受到如此對待，我今又豈可去勾引、騷擾、侵犯、強暴別人的妻女（丈夫）？所以我願受持不邪婬戒。』
　
    如上所述，『我不喜歡被別人所欺騙，別人一定也是如此。我又怎可欺騙他人？所以我願受持不妄語戒。』
　
    如上所說，『我不喜別他人挑播離間我與親人及朋友的感情，別人一定也是跟我一樣的想法。我今又豈可去挑撥離間離別人與其親友的感情？所以我不能去做挑撥離間的事。』
　
    如上所述，『我不喜歡別人對我粗言辱罵，別人一定也是這樣。我 又怎可去辱罵別人？所以我不應對別人惡言相向。』
　
    如上所述，『我不喜歡別人對我虛情假意或說些毫無意義的雜穢語，別人一定也是這樣。我又怎 能對別人說綺語？所以我不該對別人說那些虛情假意的甜言蜜語或無益的雜穢語。』
　
    以上就是七種幫助自己修行的正道，我們姑且稱之為七聖戒。又如果這位在家人能對於佛陀、佛法、僧伽產生正確的認識及堅定的信仰，那麼這位在家人便已證得四不壞淨，他已可確定他自己未來的命運，對自己這麼說：『今後的生死輪迴我已不會再墮入地獄、畜生、餓鬼道中，一切的惡趣因緣都已消失滅盡，我已得須陀洹果（初果），不墮惡趣法，必定正向解脫，今後的輪迴次數只剩七次天上或人間的生死，必可抵達究竟解脫煩惱的目的。』」
　
    鞞紐多羅聽完佛陀的解說，心生無比的喜悅，他對佛陀表示：「實在太難得了！世尊！從今起我願歸依佛陀、歸依您的教法以及比丘眾，終生做一名標準的在家佛弟子，直到我生命結束的那一刻為止。」

原文/

巴利相應部版
SN.55.7/(7) Veḷudvāreyyasuttaṃ
　　 1003. Evaṃ me sutaṃ– ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ yena veḷudvāraṃ nāma kosalānaṃ brāhmaṇagāmo tadavasari. Assosuṃ kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā– “samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo sakyaputto sakyakulā pabbajito kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ veḷudvāraṃ anuppatto. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato– ‘itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā. So imaṃ lokaṃ sadevakaṃ samārakaṃ sabrahmakaṃ sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiṃ pajaṃ sadevamanussaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedeti. So dhammaṃ deseti ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ, kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāseti’. Sādhu kho pana tathārūpānaṃ arahataṃ dassanaṃ hotī”ti.
　　 Atha kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā appekacce bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodiṃsu; sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce yena bhagavā tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce bhagavato santike nāmagottaṃ sāvetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce tuṇhībhūtā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinnā kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ – “mayaṃ, bho gotama, evaṃkāmā evaṃchandā evaṃ-adhippāyā– puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvaseyyāma, kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhaveyyāma, mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhāreyyāma, jātarūparajataṃ sādiyeyyāma, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjeyyāma. Tesaṃ no bhavaṃ gotamo amhākaṃ evaṃkāmānaṃ evaṃchandānaṃ evaṃ-adhippāyānaṃ tathā dhammaṃ desetu yathā mayaṃ puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvaseyyāma …pe… sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjeyyāmā”ti.
　　 “Attūpanāyikaṃ vo, gahapatayo, dhammapariyāyaṃ desessāmi. Taṃ suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasi karotha; bhāsissāmī”ti. “Evaṃ, bho”ti kho te veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca–
　　 “Katamo ca, gahapatayo, attupanāyiko dhammapariyāyo? Idha, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati– ‘ahaṃ khosmi jīvitukāmo amaritukāmo sukhakāmo dukkhappaṭikūlo. Yo kho maṃ jīvitukāmaṃ amaritukāmaṃ sukhakāmaṃ dukkhappaṭikūlaṃ jīvitā voropeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ jīvitukāmaṃ amaritukāmaṃ sukhakāmaṃ dukkhappaṭikūlaṃ jīvitā voropeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, parañca pāṇātipātā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, pāṇātipātā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ kāyasamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho me adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana parassa adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca adinnādānā paṭivirato hoti, parañca adinnādānā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, adinnādānā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ kāyasamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho me dāresu cārittaṃ āpajjeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana parassa dāresu cārittaṃ āpajjeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca kāmesumicchācārā paṭivirato hoti, parañca kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ kāyasamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho me musāvādena atthaṃ bhañjeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana parassa musāvādena atthaṃ bhañjeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca musāvādā paṭivirato hoti, parañca musāvādā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, musāvādā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – yo kho maṃ pisuṇāya vācāya mitte bhindeyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ pisuṇāya vācāya mitte bhindeyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ …pe… evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – yo kho maṃ pharusāya vācāya samudācareyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ pharusāya vācāya samudācareyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo …pe… evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “Puna caparaṃ, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘yo kho maṃ samphabhāsena samphappalāpabhāsena samudācareyya, na metaṃ assa piyaṃ manāpaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana paraṃ samphabhāsena samphappalāpabhāsena samudācareyyaṃ, parassapi taṃ assa appiyaṃ amanāpaṃ. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, parassa peso dhammo appiyo amanāpo. Yo kho myāyaṃ dhammo appiyo amanāpo, kathāhaṃ paraṃ tena saṃyojeyyan’ti! So iti paṭisaṅkhāya attanā ca samphappalāpā paṭivirato hoti parañca samphappalāpā veramaṇiyā samādapeti, samphappalāpā veramaṇiyā ca vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Evamassāyaṃ vacīsamācāro tikoṭiparisuddho hoti.
　　 “So buddhe aveccappasādena samannāgato hoti– itipi so bhagavā …pe… satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti; dhamme …pe… saṅghe aveccappasādena samannāgato hoti suppaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassāti. Ariyakantehi sīlehi samannāgato hoti akhaṇḍehi …pe… samādhisaṃvattanikehi. Yato kho, gahapatayo, ariyasāvako imehi sattahi saddhammehi samannāgato hoti imehi catūhi ākaṅkhiyehi ṭhānehi, so ākaṅkhamāno attanāva attānaṃ byākareyya– ‘khīṇanirayomhi khīṇatiracchānayoni khīṇapettivisayo khīṇāpāyaduggativinipāto, sotāpannohamasmi avinipātadhammo niyato sambodhiparāyaṇo’”ti.
　　 Evaṃ vutte veḷudvāreyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ– “abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama …pe… ete mayaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsake no bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupete saraṇaṃ gate”ti. Sattamaṃ.